初中英语语法总结 初中英语语法总结归纳

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初中英语语法总结1

　　I.要点

　　表示说的话不是事实，或者是不可能发生的情况，而是一种愿望、建议或与事实相反的假设等。一般常用于正式的书面语中。

　　1、虚拟语气的构成

　　如：与现在事实相反

　　If I had more time, I should study German.(fact:I have no more time, so I shall not study German. )

　　If she were not so busy, she would attend the meeting this afternoon.(fact:she is very busy, so she will not attend the meeting this afternoon.)

　　If they didn’t take physical exercises every day, they wouldn’t be so healthy.(fact: they take physical exercises every day, so they are very healthy.)

　　与过去事实相反：

　　I would have checked my paper again if I had had more time at yesterday’s examination.(fact:I had no more time at yesterday’s exam, so I didn’t check my paper again)

　　You would have already recovered from his illness if he had seen the doctor in good time.(fact: He didn’t see the doctor in good time ,so he hasn’t recovered from his illness )

　　与将来事实相反：

　　If it rains tomorrow, our picnic will be put off.(The weather has been changeable these days.)

　　If it rained tomorrow, our picnic would be put off.( The weather has beenvery good these days.)

　　If it should rain tomorrow, our picnic would be put off.(That would be out of our expectation.)

　　If it were to rain tomorrow, our picnic would be put off. (条件从句谓语动词用were to +动词原形，表示下雨的可能性极小。Were to rain和should rain都表示“出乎意料之外”，但were to加强表示“当初没想到以后的事”)

　　注：

　　(1)如果条件从句谓语动词包含有were或had, should, could有时可将if省去,但要倒装。如：

　　Had you (If you had) invited us, we would have come to your party.

　　(2)混合时间条件句的用法：

　　有时条件从句的动作和主句动作发生的时间不一致。这时动词的形式，应根据它所要表达的具体时间来决定用什么形式。

　　1) If she hadn’t trained so hard, she wouldn’t be run so fast.(从句叙述过去，主句叙述现在。)

　　(fact: she has trained very hard, so she would able to run fast.)

　　2)You would speak English well enough if you had practised reading and speaking it every day.(主句叙述现在，从句叙述过去)

　　(fact: You didn’t practice (hasn’t practiced ) reading and speaking it every day, so you can’t speak English well enough.)

　　(3)在其他状语从句中的用法

　　主要用于由as if (as though)引导的比较状语从句，从句中谓语动词一般用“动词的过去式(be变were )或had +过去分词。”如：

　　She looked as if she were ill.(实际上她没有病，在这里用虚拟语气补语比喻她精神不佳)

　　Xiao Liu speaks English so well as if he had studied in England.(这里用虚拟语气表现他的英语说得好)

　　2、虚拟语气在各种从句的`应用

　　(1)在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、惋惜、理应如此等，其谓语形式是”should(可省) +动词原形”，常用于以下三种句型中。

　　句型一：It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc) that…

　　句型二：It is a pity (a shame, no wonder, etc) that…

　　句型三：It is suggested (requested, proposed, desired, etc) that…

　　如：It is strange that he (should) have done that.

　　It is a pity that he (should) be so careless.

　　It is requested that we (should) be so careless.

　　(2)在宾语从句中用于suggest, propose, move, insist, desire, demand, request, order, command等动词后的宾语从句中，表间接的命令和建议。其谓语形式是”(should)+动词原形”。如：

　　I suggest that we (should) go swimming.

　　(3)在表语从句中，表示间接的命令，要求、请求、建议、决定等，主句中的主语通常是suggestion, proposal, request, orders, idea等。从句谓语形式是”(should)+动词原形”。如：

　　His suggestion is that we (should) leave at once.

　　(4)在同位语从句中，谓语形式是”(should)+动词原形”。如：

　　We received order that the work be done at once.

　　(5)在It is time that…句型中，其谓语动词形式是”动词的过去式”或”should +动词原形”,should不可省。如：

　　It’s time (that) we went ( should go) to school.

初中英语语法总结2

　　一、一般时态

　　1、一般现在时

　　(1)一般现在时表示没有时限的持久存在的动作或状态或现阶段反复发生的动作或状态，常和副词usually，often，always sometimes， regularly，near，occasionally，every year, every week等连用。例如：

　　1)The moon moves round the earth..

　　2)Mr. Smith travels to work by bus every day.

　　(2)在由after，until，before，once，when，even if，in case，as long as，as soon as，the moment以及if，unless等引导的时间状语从句或条件状语从句中，通常用一般现在时代替将来时。例如：

　　1)I will tell him the news as soon as I see him.

　　2)I will not go to countryside if it rains tomorrow.

　　(3)某些表示起始的动词，可用一般现在时表示按规定、计划或安排要发生的’动作，这类动词有：be，go，come，start，depart，arrive，begin，leave等。例如：

　　1)The plane leaves at three sharp.

　　2)The new teachers arrive tomorrow.

　　(4)在由why，what，where，whoever，who，that，as等引导的从句中，也常用一般现在时代替将来时。例如：

　　1)Free tickets will be given to whoever comes first.

　　2)You’ll probably be in the same train as I am tomorrow.

　　2.一般过去时

　　(1)表示过去某一特定时间所发生的、可完成的动作或状态，常与表示确切过去时间的词、短语或从句连用。例如：

　　We went to the pictures last night and saw a very interesting film.

　　(2)表示过去习惯性动作。例如：

　　1)He always went to class last.

　　2)I used to do my homework in the library.

　　(注意与be used to doing短语的区别)

　　3.一般将来时

　　1)表示将来打算进行或期待发生的动作或状态。例如：

　　I shall graduate next year.

　　2)几种替代形式：

　　1)be going to +v在口语中广泛使用，表示准备做或将发生的事情。例如：

　　I’m going to buy a house when we’ve saved enough money.

　　2)be to +v表示计划安排要做的事，具有“必要”的强制性意义。例如：

　　I am to play tennis this afternoon.

　　3)be about to +v表示即将发生的事情。例如：

　　He was about to start.

　　4)be due to +v表示预先确定了的事，必定发生的事。例如：

　　The train is due to depart in ten minutes.

　　5)be on the point/verge of +v – ing强调即将发生的某种事态。例如：

　　The baby was on the point of crying when her mother finally came home

　　二、进行时态

　　1.现在进行时

　　(1)表示现在正在进行的动作，常与now，right now，at the mother，for the time being，for the present等连用。例如：

　　Don’t disturb her. She is reading a newspaper now.

　　(2)表示现阶段经常发生的动作，常与always，continually，forever，constantly等连用。例如：

　　My father is forever criticizing me.

　　(3)表示根据计划或安排在最近要进行的事情。具有这种语法功能的动词仅限于过渡性动词。即表示从一个状态或位置转移到另一个状态或位置上去的动词。常用的有：go，come，leave，start，arrive，return等。例如：

　　They are leaving for Hong Kong next month.

　　(4)有些动词不能用进行时，这是一类表示“感觉，感情，存在，从属”等的动词。如：see，hear，smell，taste，feel，notice，look，appear，(表示感觉的词);hate，love，fear，like，want，wish，prefer，refuse，forgive(表示感情的动词);be，exist，remain，stay，obtain(表示存在状态的动词);have，possess，own，contain，belong，consist of，form(表示占有与从属的动词);understand，know，believe，think，doubt，forget，remember(表示思考理解的动词)。但是如果它们词义改变，便也可用进行时态。例如：

　　1)Tom looks pale. What’s wrong with him?

　　(look在此为联系动词，意为“显得，看上去”)

　　2)Tom is looking for his books.

　　(look在此为实义动词，意为“寻找”)

　　2.过去进行时

　　过去进行时表示一个过去的动作发生时或发生后，另一个过去的动作正在进行，或表示过去反复的习惯，常与always，continually，constantly等动词连用。例如：

　　1)We were discussing the matter when the headmaster entered.

　　2)Whenever I visited him, he was always writing at the desk.

　　3.将来进行时

　　将来进行时主要表示将来某一时刻正在进行的动作，或表示要在将来某一时刻开始，并继续下去的动作。常用来表示礼貌的询问、请求等。例如：

　　1)This time next day they will be sitting in the cinema.

　　2)What will you be doing at six tomorrow evening?

　　4.完成进行时

　　(现在、过去、将来)完成进行时是(现在、过去、将来)完成时的强调形式，将放在完成时态部分讲述。

　　三、完成时态

　　完成时态通常表示已完成或从事的动作。它可分为：

　　1.现在完成时

　　(1)现在完成时用来表示对目前状况仍有影响的，刚刚完成的动作(常与yet，already，just连用)，或者过去某一时刻发生的，持续到现在的情况(常与for，since连用)。例如：

　　1)I have just finished my homework.

　　2)Mary has been ill for three days.

　　(2)常与现在完成时连用的时间状语有：since, for, during, over等引导出的短语;副词already, yet, just, ever, now, before, often, lately, recently等;状语词组this week (morning, month, year), so far, up to now, many times, up to the present等。例如：

　　1)I haven’t been there for five years.

　　2)So far, she hasn’t enjoyed the summer vacation.

　　3)There have been a lot of changes since 1978.

　　(3)完成时态可用在下列结构中：

　　This (That, It) is (was) the first (second…) time +定语从句;This (That, It) is (was) the only (last) + n +定语从句;This (That, It) is (was) +形容词最高级+ n +定语从句。如果主句的谓语动词是一般现在时，从句的谓语动词通常用现在完成时;如果主句谓语动词是一般过去时，从句谓语动词通常用过去完成时。例如：

　　(1)This is one of the rarest questions that have ever been raised at such a meeting.

　　(2)There was a knock at the door. It was the second time someone had interrupted me that evening.

　　2.过去完成时

　　(1)表示过去某时间前已经发生的动作或情况，这个过去的时间可以用by，before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示;或者表示一个动作在另一个过去动作之前已经完成。例如：

　　1)We had just had our breakfast when Tom came in.

　　2)By the end of last year they had turned out 5, 000 bicycles.

　　(2)动词expect, hope, mean, intend, plan, suppose, wish, want, desire等用过去完成时，表示过去的希望、预期、意图或愿望等没有实现。例如：

　　I had meant to take a good holiday this year, but I wasn’t able to get away.

　　另外两种表示“过去想做而未做的事”的表达方式是：

　　1)was / were + to have done sth,例如：

　　We were to have come yesterday, but we couldn’t.

　　2)intended (expected, hope, meant, planned, supposed, wished, wanted, desired) + to have done sth,例如：

　　I meant to have told you about it, but I forgot to do so.

　　(3)过去完成时常用于以下固定句型：

　　1)hardly, scarcely, barely + 过去完成时+ when + 过去时。例如：

　　Hardly had I got on the bus when it started to move.

　　2)no sooner +过去完成时+ than +过去时。例如：

　　No sooner had I gone out than he came to see me.

　　3)by (the end of ) +过去时间，主句中谓语动词用过去完成时。例如：

　　The experiment had been finished by 4 o’clock yesterday afternoon.

　　3.将来完成时

　　将来完成时表示在将来某一时刻将完成或在另一个未来的动作发生之前已经完成的动作;也可以用来表示一种猜测。常与将来完成时连用的时间状语有：by (the time / the end of ) +表示将来时间的短语和句子;before (the end of ) +表示将来时间的词语或句子;when, after等加上表示将来动作的句子等。例如：

　　1)By this time tomorrow you will have arrived in Shanghai.

　　2)I shall have finished this composition before 9 o’clock.

　　3)When we get on the railway station, the train will probably have left.

　　4.完成进行时

　　完成进行时是完成时的强调形式，有现在完成进行时，过去完成进行时，将来完成进行时。

　　(1)现在完成进行时表示过去某一时刻之前开始的动作或状态一直延续到过去某一时刻。例如：

　　I have been looking for my lost book for three days, but I still haven’t found it.

　　(2)过去完成进行时表示过去某一时刻之前开始的动作或状态一直延续到过去某一时刻。例如：

　　It had been raining cats and dogs for over a week and the downpour had caused landslides in many places.

　　(3)将来完成进行时表示在将来某一时刻之前开始的一个动作或状态一直延续到将来某一时刻。例如：

　　By the time you arrive tonight, she will have been typing for hours.

　　四：时态一致

　　时态一致是英语四、六级考试的一个重要内容。通常应由主句谓语的时态决定从句的谓语时态。一般原则是：

　　1、当主句谓语使用现在时或将来时，从句的谓语根据具体情况使用任何时态

　　He says that he lives in Wuhan.

　　We hope that there will be many people at your party today.

　　“Did you hear that Bill finally sold the house?” “Yes, but I don’t know who bought it.”

　　“There’s a lot of excitement on the street.”

　　“There certainly is. Do you suppose the astronauts have returned?”

　　2、当主句谓语使用过去时的时候，从句的谓语必须使用过去范围的时态

　　He said he was writing a novel.

　　The teacher wanted to know when we would finish the experiment.

　　He said his father had been an engineer.

　　3、当从句是表示没有时间概念的真理时，从句的谓语应使用一般现在时。例如：

　　The teacher told them since light travels faster than sound, lightning appears to go before thunder.

　　注：在此种情况下，即使主句谓语用了过去式的各种时态，从句谓语也应用一般现在时。

　　4、从句谓语只能用虚拟语气的情况

　　利用时态一致原则确定从句动词时态时，还应注意，若主语动词是表示命令、请求、要求、建议、劝告等的动词，从句谓语只能用虚拟语气，不能遵循时态一致原则。例如：

　　We insisted that we do it ourselves.

　　五、动词的语态

　　语态也是动词的一种形式，英语有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，而被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。

　　1)We use electricity to run machines. (主动语态)

　　2)Electricity is used to run machines. (被动语态)

　　1.不能用于被动语态的动词和短语

　　(1)在英语中，不及物动词不能用于被动语态，但有些不及物动词(包括短语)容易引起误用。如：appear, belong, belong, die, escape, fall, happen, last, remain, succeed, occur, come true, take place, consist of。

　　(2)某些表示状态或特征的及物动词，如：become, contain, cost, fit, have, resemble, suit也没有被动语态。

　　2.被动语态的时态形式

　　常用的被动语态有表1所列的几种时态形式。

　　SPAN> 一般时 进行时 完成时

　　现在 am asked am being asked

　　is asked is being asked

　　are asked are being asked

　　过去

　　was be asked was being asked

　　were be asked were being asked

　　将来 shall be asked shall have been asked

　　will be asked will have been asked

　　过去 should be asked should have been asked

　　将来 would be asked would have been asked

　　3.短语动词的被动语态

　　短语动词转换为被动语态时，通常被看作是一个动词，后面的介词或副词不能拆开或省略。例如：

　　1)So far no correct conclusion has arrived at.

　　2)All the rubbish should be got rid of.

　　4.“get + -ed分词”的被动语态

　　“get + -ed分词”结构强调动作的结果，而非动作本身，常用来表示突发性的，出乎意料的偶然事件。例如：

　　The boy got hurt on his way home from work.

　　另外，“get + -ed分词”还可用于谈论为自己做的事，是主动的行为而不是被动的行为。例如：

　　get dressed(穿衣服) get divorced(离婚)

　　get engaged(订婚) get confused(迷惑不解)

　　get lost(迷路) get washed(洗脸)

　　get married(结婚)

　　5.能带两个宾语和复合宾语的动词改为被动语态

　　(1)能带两个宾语的动词改为被动语态时，一次只能由一个宾语作主语，另一个宾语被保留下来。例如：

　　1)We showed the visitors our new products.(主动语态)

　　2)The visitors were shown our new products.(被动语态)

　　3)Our new products were shown to the visitors.(被动语态)

　　(2)能带复合宾语的动词改为被动语态时，原来的宾语补足语变为主语补足语。例如：

　　1)The teacher appointed him League secretary.(主动语态)

　　2)He was appointed League secretary.(被动语态)

　　6.被动语态与系表结构的区别

　　(1)The novel was well written.(系表结构)

　　(2)The novel was written by Diskens.(被动语态)

　　7.少数动词的主动语态有时有被动的意思

　　例1：The book is selling remarkably well.

　　例2：The song sounds very beautiful.

　　能这样用的动词还有read(读起来)，clean(擦起来)，wash(洗起来)，write(写起来)。

　　例3：My watch needs cleaning. (= My watch needs to be cleaned).

　　能像need这样用的动词还有：want, require, deserve, do, owe, bind等。

　　例4：The meat is cooking.

　　例5：The book written by the professor is printing.

初中英语语法总结3

　　构词法：

　　英语构词法主要有：合成法、派生法和转换法。

　　1、合成法：如：spaceship, headache, basketball, playground等等。

　　2、派生法：(1)派生名词：①动词+er/or ②动词+ing ③动词+(t)ion ④形容词+ness ⑤其他,如：inventor, learner, swimming, congratulation, kindness, carelessness, knowledge

　　(2)派生形容词：①名词+y ②名词+ful ③动词+ing/ed ④friendly ⑤dangerous ⑥Chinese; Japanese ⑦English ⑧French ⑨German ⑩国名+(i)an 如：snowy, sunny, hopeful, beautiful, interesting, following, daily(每日的),nervous, delicious

　　(3)派生副词：①形容词+ly ②其它,如：slowly, angrily, full→fully, good→well, possible→possibly

　　3、转换法：

　　(1)形容词→动词,如：dry(干燥的)→dry(弄干), clean(干净的)→clean(打扫,弄干净),等等。

　　(2)动词→名词,如：look, walk, rest, work, study, swim, go, talk等等。

　　(3)名词→动词,如：hand(手)→(传递),face(脸)→(面对)等等。

　　(4)形容词→副词,如：early→early, fast→fast等等。

　　(5)副词→连词,如：when(什么时候)→(当……时候),等等。

　　(6)介词→副词,如：in(到……里)→(在里面;在家),on(在…上)→(进行,继续)

　　名词：

　　1、英语名词可分专有名词和普通名词两大类：

　　1、专有名词是个别的人、地、物、团体、机构等的专用名称。

　　专有名词如果是含有普通名词的短语,则必须使用定冠词the。如：the Great Wall(长城)

　　姓氏名如果采用复数形式,则表示该姓氏一家人(复数含义),如：the Greens( 格林一家人)。

　　2、普通名词又分为可数名词和不可数名词。

　　2、英语可数名词的单复数：英语可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。

　　1hero→heroes, photo→photos, piano→pianos.

　　不可数名词一般没有复数形式,说明其数量时,要用有关计量名词。一盒牛奶：

　　3、名词所有格：

　　1、 名词所有格如：Childern’s Day(儿童节), my sister’s book(我姐姐的书)

　　(2)以s或es结尾的复数名词。只在词尾加’。如：Teachers’ Day(教师节)

　　(3)有些表示时间、距离以及世界、国家、城镇等无生命的名词,也可在词尾加’s. 如：

　　today’s newspaper(今天的报纸), ten minutes’ break(十分钟的课间休息),

　　(4)无论表示有生命还是无生命的东西的名词,一般均可用介词of短语来表示所有关系。如：

　　2、[注解]：

　　① ‘s还可以表示某人的家或者某个店铺,如：my aunt’s(我阿姨家), the doctor’s(诊所)

　　② 两人共有某物时,可以采用 A and B’s 的形式,如：Lucy and Lily’s bedroom(露西和丽丽合住的卧室)

　　③ “of+名词所有格/名词性物主代词”,称为双重所有格,如：a friend of my father’s(我父亲的一位朋友), a friend of mine(我的一位朋友)

　　4、名词或代词作主语时和谓语之间的单复数的一致问题：

　　1、谓语和谓语基本保持单复数的一致,即：主语是可数名词单数或不可数名词时,谓语动词用单数形式：如：The computer was a great invention.(计算机是个了不起的发明)The water in the glass is very cold.(玻璃杯里的水很冷)

　　2、集体名词(如family, class, team, group, row, police, school等)做句子主语时,

　　① 如果表示整体概念,则谓语用单数形式,如：Class Three is a very good class.(三班是好班)

　　② 如果表示其中的所有成员时,则谓语用复数形式,如：Class Three have a map of China.(三班有张中国地图)

　　3、Chinese, Japanese, fish, sheep, people等表示单个时谓语用单数,表示许多时,谓语用复数。如：There is a sheep in the yard.(院子里有只绵羊) / There are some sheep in the yard.(院子里有一些绵羊)

　　4、maths, news等虽然有s结尾,但不是复数,因此谓语仍用单数：The news is very exciting. (这个消息令人兴奋)

　　5、glasses, shoes, socks, trousers, gloves等名词往往用复数形式,故谓语用复数。如：

　　The trousers are very cheap and I want to take them.(裤子很便宜,我想买)

　　6、a lot of 后跟名词复数时谓语用复数形式,跟不可数名词时谓语用单数形式。如：A lot of students are playing baseball now.(现在有许多学生在打垒球) A lot of time was wasted on that work.(大量的时间花在了那个工作上)(被动句)

　　7、and 连接两个名词做主语时,谓语原则上用复数,但是两个名词若构成一个整体事物时,谓语则用单数。如：The teacher and his son are picking apples now.(老师和他的儿子在摘苹果) / Fish and chips is very famous food. (鱼和薯条是一种出名的食品)

　　8、 there be 句型中be的单复数一般由靠近的名词决定。如：There is a table and four chairs in the room.(房间里有一张桌子和四张椅子)

　　9、用both…and…连接两个事物做主语时,谓语一般用复数。如：Both you and I are required to be here tomorrow.(你和我明天要求都来)

　　10、主语中含有with的短语时,谓语单复数由with之前的人物决定。如：A woman with a 7-year-old child was standing at the side of the road. (一名妇女带着一个七岁的孩子(当时)就站在路边)

　　11、either…or…或者 neither…nor…连接两个人物做句子主语时,谓语采用就近原则。如：Either you or he is right.(要么是你对,要么是他对。/你和他有一个人是对的) / Neither you nor I am going there.(你和我都不打算去那里)

　　12、表示一段时间或长度概念的复数名词做主语时,谓语一般用单数。如：Two months is not a short time.(两个月不是个短时间)Two thousand kilometers is quite a long distance(距离).(两千千米是相当长的一段距离)

　　13、主语中含有half of… / (three quarters)of… / all (of) the ….等词语时,谓语的单复数由名词确定,如：Over three quarters of the information on the Internet is in English. / A third of the students were playing near the lake.(学生的三分之一(当时)正在湖边玩耍) / All of the water in these rivers has been polluted.(这些河流中的水已经被污染了)(被动句)

　　但是,population一词又有特殊情况： What’s the population of China?(中国人口是多少?)(句子用单数) / Three quarters of the population in this city are Arabs(阿拉伯人).(这个城市四分之三的人口是阿拉伯人)(句子用复数)

　　5、部分名词用法辨析：

　　1、sport、game、match、race 的区别：sport通常指“户外运动”,以锻炼为主,概念较大;game意思是“运动、比赛”,不管户内户外还是脑力体力,指以胜负为主的运动;match意为“竞赛、比赛”,多指正式比赛;race主要表示“赛跑、赛马、赛车”。如：People all around the world enjoy sports.(全世界的人都喜爱运动) / The 2008 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing.(2008奥运会将在北京举行)(被动句) / Our school football team won the league match(联赛).(我们学校足球队取得了联赛冠军) / They were strong and won the boat race.(汤他们很棒,赢得了划艇比赛)

　　2、festival、holiday、vacation的区别：festival“节日”,指喜庆的日子或持续一段时间的文娱活动;holiday(假日、休息日),指法定假日或风俗习惯,复数可以表示一个较长的假期;vacation“假期”,指学习或工作中一段长时间的休息。如：The Shanghai Television Festival will be held next month.(上海电视节将在下个月举行) / Sunday is a holiday and most people do not work.(星期天是个假日,多数人不工作) / What are you going to do during the summer vacation/holidays?(在暑期你打算做什么事情?)

　　3、journey、tour、trip、travel的区别：journey指在陆地上(或海上或空中)进行的长途旅行,不知终点,含有辛苦的意思;tour指途中作短期逗留的巡回旅行,强调游览多处,常用来指观光等;trip通常指往返定时的短途旅行,如出差度假等;travel多指长期或长途的观光旅行,尤其指到国外,没有明确目的地,也作不可数名词,指旅行这一行为。如：He made up his mind to make the journey to Dunhuang.(他拿定主意要去敦煌旅行)/ He has gone on a walking tour.(他步行观光去了) / He took several trips to Shanghai last yeaar.(去年他去了上海好几次) / Did you go to Santiago(圣地亚哥) during your travels?(旅行期间你去圣地亚哥了吗?) / Travelling through thick forests is dangerous.(在密林里边穿行是很危险的)

　　4、sound、noise、voice的区别：sound指各种声音;noise主要指“噪音”;voice指人的“嗓音”。如：The noise of the street kept me awake in the night.(街上的喧嚣声让我彻夜难眠) / All of a sudden there was the sound of shots and a cry.(突然间传来几声枪响和一声尖叫) / The singer has lost her ringing voice as a result of a bad cold.(因为感冒的缘故,这个歌唱家失去了她银铃般的嗓音)

　　5、fish的问题：指许多条鱼且不管种类时,用fish,单复数相同;fishes 指许多种类的鱼;fish指“鱼肉”时是不可数名词。如：There are many kinds of fishes in the pool. (池子里有很多种类的鱼)/ I prefer fish to meat.(与肉相比我更喜欢鱼)

　　代词：

　　1、代词的分类：英语中代词分为：人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、关系代词、疑问代词、连接代词和不定代词等等。

　　2、人称代词：人称代词代替人和事物的名称,分为主格和宾格两种形式。

初中英语语法总结4

　　I.要点

　　1、连词的种类

　　(1)并列连词用来连接并列关系的词、短语或分句，如and, for, or, both…and, either…or, neither…nor等。

　　(2)从属连词用来引导从句，如that, if, whether, when, after, as soon as等。

　　除了从属连词(引导状语从句)外，还有其它可以用来引导从句的词类。它们是连接代词和连接副词(引导名词性从句)，关系代词和关系副词(引导定语从句)。

　　2、常用连词举例

　　(1) and和，并且

　　They drank and sang all night.

　　(2) both…and和，既…也…

　　Both my parents and I went there.

　　(3) but但是，而

　　I’m sad, but he is happy.

　　(4) either…or或…或…，要么…要么…

　　Either you’re wrong, or I am.

　　(5) for因为

　　I asked him to stay, for I had something to tell him.

　　(6) however然而，可是

　　At first, he didn’t want to go there. Later, however, he decided to go.

　　(7) neither…nor既不…也不

　　Neither my parents nor my aunt agrees with you.

　　(8) not only…but(also)不但…而且…

　　He not only sings well, but also dances well.

　　(9) or或者，否则

　　Hurry up, or you’ll be late.

　　Are you a worker or a doctor?

　　(10) so因此，所以

　　It’s getting late, so I must go.

　　(11) although虽然

　　Although it was late, they went on working.

　　(12) as soon as一…就

　　I’ll tell him as soon as I see him.

　　(13) because因为

　　He didn’t go to school, because he was ill.

　　(14) unless除非，如果不

　　I won’t go unless it is fine tomorrow.

　　(15) until直到…

　　He didn’t leave until eleven. (瞬间动词用于not… until结构)

　　He stayed there until eleven.

　　(16) while当…时候，而(表示对比)

　　While I stayed there, I met a friend of mine. (while后不可用瞬间动词)

　　My pen is red while his is blue.

　　(17) for因为

　　He was ill, for he didn’t come. (结论是推断出来的)

　　(18) since自从…

　　I have lived here since my uncle left.

　　(19) hardly… when一…就

　　I had hardly got to the station when the train left.

　　(20) as far as就…来说

　　As far as I know, that country is very small.

　　You may walk as far as the lake. (一直走到湖那里)

初中英语语法总结5

　　实义动词与非实义动词

　　根据其含义和句子功用，动词可分为实义动词和非实义动词(包括时态助动词和情态助动词等)。如：

　　He bought a story book. 他买了一本故事书。(buy 为实义动词)

　　He has read the story book. 他已读过这本故事书。(has 为时态助动词，read为实意动词)

　　He should read the story book. 他应该读读这本故事书。(should 为情态助动词,red为实义动词)

　　上面对实义动词与非实义动词知识的内容讲解学习，相信同学们已经能很好的掌握了吧，希望同学们考试成功。

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